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     2026:7/3

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation

ISSN: (Print) | 2582-7138 (Online) | Impact Factor: 9.54 | Open Access

Physicochemical, mineral and heavy metal compositions of four water sources within and outside Evangel University, Akaeze Take-Off Campus, Okpoto in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

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Abstract

Water pollution involves the introduction or leakage of toxic substances into water bodies thereby making them unsafe for consumption due to the resultant adverse effect on health. The study evaluated the physicochemical properties, minerals, and heavy metal contents of four water sources used for drinking, bathing, washing, and so on, by inhabitants of Okpoto community living around Evangel University (EU) Take-off Campus, Okpoto, Ebonyi State Nigeria. Two of the water sources were a bore hole and a stream within EU Campus, while the other two were collected from a hand pump and another stream outside EU Campus. Standard methods were used to determine the physicochemical properties, mineral and heavy metal contents of the four water samples. The results showed normal pH values for EU bore hole and stream only, lower values were obtained for total hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) in the four samples compared to the World Health Organization (WHO), Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards for drinking water. Also, lower than the standard values were found in minerals like magnesium, chloride, nitrate, phosphate and sulphates, and heavy metals like iron and copper in the four water sources. Chromium concentrations in the samples were higher than the standards except in EU bole hole. Cadmium was not found in EU bore hole and stream. The results showed that the borehole and hand pump were safer for drinking and cooking than the two streams, with EU bore hole being better. However, none of the four water sources met all the WHO, FEPA and EPA standards for drinking water. Hence, further purification processes such as boiling, filtration, addition of water guards, and so on, should be carried out to make the water sources safer for consumption.

 

How to Cite This Article

Obasi, David C, Umoru, Grace U, Udeozor, Precious A, Obasi, Jennifer N, Anaga, Charles O, Ibiam, Udu A, Okoro, Ikechukwu J, Abba Jacinta N (2023). Physicochemical, mineral and heavy metal compositions of four water sources within and outside Evangel University, Akaeze Take-Off Campus, Okpoto in Ebonyi State, Nigeria . International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation (IJMRGE), 4(5), 941-946.

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