Abstract

The integration of biophilic design strategies within urban mixed-use buildings is increasingly recognized for enhancing human-nature connections and promoting environmental sustainability. This study investigates how topographical factors—specifically elevation, slope, natural landforms, vegetation patterns, solar exposure, and wind patterns—affect the effectiveness of biophilic design in mixed-use buildings in Lagos State, Nigeria. Mixed-use buildings, which combine residential, commercial, and recreational spaces, present unique challenges and opportunities for biophilic integration. Despite the known benefits of biophilic design, the influence of Lagos' varied topography on such strategies has been underexplored. To address this gap, the study employs a quantitative approach, utilizing structured surveys and questionnaires distributed to stakeholders involved in mixed-use developments across Lagos. The research focuses on how elevation and slope impact natural light access and terraced landscaping, how natural landforms influence aesthetic and functional design, and how existing vegetation patterns affect green spaces. A total of 103 questionnaires were distributed, with 71 responses analyzed using statistical methods, including mean intervals and the relative significance index. The results reveal that elevation and slope play a critical role in enhancing biophilic elements, with Case Study I (King Tower, Ikoyi) demonstrating more effective utilization of these features compared to Case Study II (Nestoil Tower, Victoria Island). Additionally, natural landforms and vegetation patterns were better integrated in Case Study I, leading to higher effectiveness in preserving biodiversity and enhancing design quality. In contrast, Case Study II showed less effective integration, impacting the overall biophilic quality. The study also highlights the substantial influence of topographical factors on biophilic design strategies in mixed-use buildings. Recommendations include adapting designs to leverage specific site features such as elevation and slope, integrating terraced landscaping, and incorporating natural water management systems. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of these design strategies on building performance and user satisfaction, aiming for more sustainable and contextually responsive architectural solutions.