Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection that typically affects the airways. Additionally, it has the potential to disseminate to other regions of the body, such as the brain and spine. It is the result of a bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Objectives: Identification and isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance in TB patients. Material and Methods: This investigation involved the collection of sputum samples from 60 suspected tuberculosis patients, 40 of whom were male and 20 of whom were female. Their age ranged from 21 to over 61 years. A specialist clinician clinically diagnosed all tuberculosis cases. The patients in question were confined to the Babylon Center of Tuberculosis and Chest Disease from December 2022 to March 2023. Evaluation of direct acid fast bacilli smear microscopy, Gene Xpert, and Löwenstein-Jensen culturing of sputum for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: The GeneXpert was deemed the gold standard test, as it has a higher sensitivity than AFB smear microscopy in respiratory samples. The diagnosis of patients with a high clinical suspicion of PTB requires several minutes to be performed. Conclusions: Tuberculosis continues to be a significant health concern, particularly among individuals aged 21 to 30. The male is more susceptible to tuberculosis than the female. The majority of tuberculosis cases were significantly influenced by incarceration exposure. GeneXpert's molecular methodologies demonstrate exceptional sensitivity in the identification of drug-resistant MTB strains.