Abstract

Building structure optimization design is a field that has especially undergone increased realization over the past five years. It has transformed from a field dominated by deterministic and heuristic methods into a vibrant domain where intelligent systems and green building design meet. This paper provides detailed reviews on the up-to-date methods of structural optimization available, concentrating on the traditional deterministic approaches as well as intelligent, probabilistic, fuzzy, hybrid algorithms. The major areas covered are size, shape, and topology optimization with applications emphasized for planar frame structures. The multilevel modeling and simulation techniques of intelligent building systems are evolving into an important aspect. It does critically evaluate the current methodological limitations and knowledge gaps, providing world challenges for future research. Therefore, the findings do also incite later researchers into further intelligent and sustainable design practices for building structures.