Abstract

This article examines the interplay between competition law and commercial practices, emphasizing their influence on market efficiency, consumer welfare, and innovation. It traces the evolution of competition law from historical foundations to modern frameworks addressing challenges like digital markets, algorithmic pricing, and sustainability. Key commercial practices, including pricing strategies, advertising, and mergers, are analyzed for their competitive implications. A comparative review of developed (EU, US, Japan) and emerging economies (China, India, Brazil) highlights global best practices and enforcement challenges. The study underscores the need for ethical practices, robust legal frameworks, and international collaboration to balance regulation, innovation, and sustainability, offering recommendations for policymakers and businesses.