Abstract

The U.S. school transportation system, which relies on over 500,000 diesel-powered buses, is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air pollution. As environmental concerns rise, the push for Electric School Buses (ESBs) has gained momentum, with over $3 billion in federal funding supporting the transition. ESBs offer numerous benefits, including reduced emissions, better air quality, improved public health, and enhanced grid resilience. This paper explores the potential of integrating ESBs with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, which enables bidirectional energy flow between electric vehicles (EVs) and the grid. ESBs, with their large battery capacities and predictable schedules, are well-suited to support grid stability by storing surplus renewable energy during periods of high production and releasing it during peak demand.

The research review draws on insights from the Oakland Yard project by Zum Services Inc., the first fully electric V2G school bus yard in the U.S. It highlights how ESBs, apart from reducing GHG emissions and improving public health, support grid resilience. Key findings demonstrate that ESBs can help address the intermittency of renewable energy sources, reduce reliance on fossil fuel-based peaker plants, and provide backup power during emergencies. The paper also discusses the economic benefits of V2G programs, such as energy arbitrage and grid stabilization revenue, which help offset operating costs.

Despite challenges, including the need for advanced infrastructure and regulatory support, this research emphasizes the importance of continued innovation and policy support to fully realize the potential of ESBs and V2G technology in advancing a sustainable, resilient, and equitable energy system.