Abstract

Milk safety is a critical public health concern in the United States due to the potential presence of aflatoxin M1 and pathogenic microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes. These contaminants pose severe health risks, including carcinogenic effects and foodborne illnesses, while threatening consumer confidence and economic stability in the dairy industry. This review proposes a holistic approach for controlling aflatoxin M1 and microbial hazards in dairy supply chains through integrated preventive, monitoring, and intervention strategies. The framework emphasizes enhanced feed quality management to mitigate aflatoxin B1 contamination at the source, coupled with advanced detection technologies, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for rapid and accurate testing. Microbial risks are addressed through modern decontamination techniques such as ultraviolet (UV-C) light, ozonation, and high-pressure processing (HPP). Additionally, blockchain-enabled traceability systems and Internet of Things (IoT)-based real-time monitoring are proposed to ensure transparency and compliance throughout production, processing, and distribution. These also highlights the role of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) systems and the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO) in aligning practices with regulatory standards. We advocate for workforce training, capacity building, and consumer awareness programs to reinforce safety measures at multiple levels. By integrating cutting-edge technologies with existing best practices, this framework aims to modernize dairy supply chains, enhance regulatory compliance, and reduce contamination risks. The review concludes with recommendations for future research into AI-driven predictive models and adaptive safety systems to further strengthen milk safety. Ultimately, this comprehensive approach ensures sustainable dairy production, protects public health, and promotes consumer confidence in the U.S. milk supply.