Access to clean and safe drinking water is essential for public health, especially in rural regions where water sources are often limited to groundwater and surface water. This study evaluates the physicochemical and microbial quality of groundwater (artesian wells) and surface water (Hafirs) in the Dalanj area, South Kordofan State, Sudan. Key water quality parameters were analyzed and compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO) guidelines. The findings revealed significant non-compliance in certain parameters, including turbidity, fluoride, and microbial contamination. Groundwater exhibited better physicochemical characteristics but was found to have higher fluoride levels, while surface water showed elevated turbidity and microbial contamination. The study provides actionable recommendations for improving water quality to safeguard public health.