Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming global agricultural supply chains by enhancing productivity, reducing inefficiencies, and improving decision-making across all stages of the value chain. In the United States, the integration of AI technologies ranging from precision agriculture and automated logistics to predictive market analytics has led to significant improvements in agricultural performance, sustainability, and food distribution efficiency. These developments are supported by robust digital infrastructure, research and development investments, and strong public-private partnerships. Conversely, Nigeria’s agricultural sector, which employs a large portion of the population and contributes significantly to GDP, faces numerous structural challenges. These include inadequate infrastructure, limited technological adoption, fragmented value chains, and data scarcity, all of which hinder the effective deployment of AI. This explores the application of AI in U.S. agricultural supply chains and extracts practical lessons that could guide Nigeria in modernizing its agri-food system. It identifies key success factors such as policy support, digital literacy programs, and scalable technologies that can be adapted to Nigeria’s socio-economic and agricultural context. Moreover, the review emphasizes the importance of tailored AI solutions, mobile-based applications, and cloud computing as viable entry points for countries with limited infrastructure. Strategic recommendations are proposed, including fostering industry-academia collaboration, creating enabling environments for startups, and establishing data governance frameworks. By drawing on U.S. experiences, Nigeria will not only bridge its agricultural technology gap but also enhance food security, reduce post-harvest losses, and support smallholder farmers. The review concludes that while AI holds transformative potential for Nigeria’s agricultural sector, its success hinges on a coordinated approach involving government, academia, the private sector, and international partners.