Abstract

Mining activities have played a pivotal role in global economic development but are often associated with significant environmental challenges. This review critically examines the environmental impact of mining operations and evaluates various management strategies and rehabilitation techniques employed to mitigate these effects. The assessment encompasses a broad spectrum of mining-related environmental concerns, including soil degradation, water pollution, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and air quality degradation. The first section of the review provides an overview of the diverse environmental impacts associated with mining activities, highlighting the complexities and interdependencies of these issues. Following this, a comprehensive examination of current management strategies is presented, focusing on regulatory frameworks, sustainable practices, and technological advancements aimed at minimizing negative environmental consequences. The review emphasizes the importance of adopting a holistic and integrated approach that considers the unique characteristics of each mining operation and the ecosystems it affects. Furthermore, the discussion delves into rehabilitation techniques designed to restore ecosystems impacted by mining activities. This includes the exploration of ecological restoration methodologies, such as reforestation, wetland restoration, and soil stabilization, as well as innovative approaches involving the use of native plant species and soil amendments. The effectiveness of these techniques in promoting sustainable landscapes and fostering biodiversity recovery is evaluated based on case studies and empirical evidence. This review highlights the imperative for a proactive and adaptive approach to address the environmental challenges posed by mining activities. The synthesis of effective management strategies and rehabilitation techniques is essential to strike a balance between economic development and environmental preservation. Future research directions are proposed, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts among stakeholders, continued technological innovation, and the integration of sustainable practices into mining industry operations. Ultimately, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on achieving responsible and sustainable mining practices globally.