Abstract

Lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as pivotal organelles in cancer biology, influencing cell proliferation, survival, and metabolic reprogramming. This review explores the multifaceted roles of LDs in cancer, encompassing their structure, function, and interactions within the tumor microenvironment. LDs serve as reservoirs for neutral lipids and bioactive molecules, supporting cancer cell energetics, membrane biosynthesis, and signaling pathways crucial for tumor progression. Evidence linking LD accumulation to aggressive tumor phenotypes underscores their clinical relevance as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Current therapeutic strategies targeting LD metabolism and function, including inhibition of LD formation and modulation of lipid metabolism pathways, are discussed. Challenges such as tumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance are examined, alongside emerging approaches leveraging nanotechnology and personalized medicine to enhance LD-targeted therapies. Future directions highlight the potential for innovative strategies and combination therapies to exploit LD vulnerabilities, offering new avenues for improving cancer treatment outcomes.