Abstract

This study examines road infrastructure disparities and logistics distribution across Indonesia’s 34 provinces using BPS (2025) data. Multivariate regression and cluster analyses reveal district/city roads (81.25% of total roads) as the dominant predictor of logistics vehicle density (β = 0.82; p < 0.01), with every 1,000 km increase associated with 8,200 additional vehicles. Cluster analysis reveals three regional patterns: Efficient Cluster (Java-Bali, >300 vehicles/km), Vulnerable Cluster (Sumatra/Kalimantan, 100-300 vehicles/km), and Critical Cluster (Papua/Maluku/East Nusa Tenggara, <100 vehicles/km). A critical finding exposes the paradox of national road development in Eastern Indonesia: Papua underscores a national road paradox: despite having Indonesia’s second-longest national roads (2,778 km), it exhibits the lowest logistics-vehicle density (93.4/km). Policy recommendations include reallocating budgets to district roads in Critical Clusters and implementing a tiered logistics system (matching vehicle classes to road hierarchies). These measures address infrastructure inefficiency and promote equitable logistics development.