Abstract

One of the largest signifiers of the climatic changes that can define the general state of thermal characteristics of the earth as well as the urban and metropolitan regions is Land Surface Temperature (LST). Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to assess the trends of the urban heat and the determination of variation in LST which is important in other sustainable climate-based planning. The increasing climatic pressures on the Kirkuk city will be viewed due to the elevated level of the urbanization process, as well as altered temperature patterns. Satellite imagery was used to access and analyze the LST data and achieve the following aims: measuring the temporal and spatial variability of the temperature. From the generation of maps of high resolutions that can be used to give the distributions of surface temperature in the urban and the rural areas as well as the suburbs, interaction between GIS tools was employed. It has shown, as the results state, there has been a large acceleration of LST during the course of the year 2024 and that has been the greatest in the urbanized regions. This paper shows the importance of the application of both TES-based remote sensing and GIS analysis of variables that have been quantified in the environment. The conclusion can be made about the outcomes of the research giving the new directions toward the sustainable development of the cities and flexible approaches that could help Kirkuk City to avoid the adverse impact of climate change.