This literature review examines the influence of marital status, employment, and educational attainment on mortality within a population. Based on a synthesis of empirical studies, the findings demonstrate that each of these socioeconomic factors significantly contributes to variations in mortality risk. Marital status is closely associated with emotional and social support, which can enhance quality of life and reduce the likelihood of death, particularly among the elderly, mothers, and individuals with chronic illnesses. Employment plays a dual role by providing financial resources and access to healthcare while also posing risks when job conditions are unfavorable, especially for working mothers. Educational attainment is identified as the most fundamental determinant, as it influences individual health literacy, behavioral choices, and the ability to access medical services. Higher levels of education correlate with increased life expectancy and improved health outcomes. Furthermore, the interaction between marital status, employment, and education forms a complex structure that shapes individual vulnerability to premature death. The combined effect of these factors suggests that addressing mortality disparities requires an integrated and comprehensive approach. Strategies should focus on expanding educational opportunities, implementing supportive labor policies, and strengthening family and community health systems. By doing so, it is possible to promote health equity and sustainably improve population well-being.