Abstract

In recent times, West Africa has emerged as both a critical frontline and experimental ground for global infectious disease surveillance. This study examines the evolution of genomic surveillance in the region, with a focus on the African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID) as a continental leader in outbreak response and capacity building. Drawing on case studies of Ebola, COVID-19, and Lassa fever, we explore how ACEGID’s strategic innovations, spanning logistics, data sharing, and human resource development have shaped a resilient regional framework. We interrogate the ethical and political dimensions of genomic data sovereignty, highlighting tensions between local benefits and global collaboration. The review also evaluates emerging gene-drive technologies, particularly CRISPR-based approaches targeting vector-borne diseases, assessing their scientific potential, governance challenges, and socio-political implications within West Africa. Finally, we propose a conceptual model integrating real-time pathogen genomics with adaptive gene-drive interventions, while outlining policy recommendations for sustainable, African-led genomic stewardship. By synthesizing lessons from ACEGID’s operational model, we argue for a genomic sovereignty paradigm that balances innovation with equity, and technology with public trust.