Abstract

This study examines the effectiveness of the maternity allowance (MA) program in Bangladesh, focusing on its role in improving maternal health, nutrition, women’s empowerment, and poverty reduction. The program, initiated as a flagship social protection measure for poor pregnant and lactating mothers, provides monthly cash transfers of BDT 800. While valuable, questions remain regarding its adequacy, targeting, and operational efficiency. A mixed-methods design was adopted, including a survey of 60 randomly selected beneficiaries, 20 in-depth case studies, five key informant interviews (with government officials and sector experts), and analysis of secondary literature. All research activities were conducted under strict ethical guidelines. Findings indicate that the allowance is widely recognized as a crucial support mechanism, particularly in reducing financial barriers to healthcare and food consumption. Nutritional outcomes improved, with 65% of respondents reporting enhanced dietary diversity, though the benefit level was insufficient for a nutritionally adequate diet. Maternal healthcare utilization also increased: 73% of mothers attended at least three antenatal care (ANC) visits, and 56% delivered with skilled birth attendants, demonstrating the allowance’s role in facilitating service access. Women’s empowerment showed notable progress, as more than half reported increased influence in household decision-making, particularly regarding food purchases and healthcare expenses. Despite these gains, several operational challenges were identified. Nearly half (45%) experienced delayed payments, and 22% reported nepotism or favoritism in beneficiary selection. Structural limitations such as the low allowance amount and lack of integration with broader health and nutrition services undermine program effectiveness. Policy recommendations emphasize raising the allowance to BDT 1,500–2,000, ensuring timely and transparent disbursement, regulating political interference, and guaranteeing fair inclusion across age, region, religion, and identity. Strengthening partnerships between the Ministry of Women and Children Affairs, NGOs, and INGOs, alongside alignment with SDGs and international protocols, would improve impact. Overall, the program demonstrates significant benefits for maternal nutrition, healthcare utilization, and empowerment but requires systemic reforms to reach its full potential. The findings offer practical insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and researchers, while also raising awareness among rural mothers about their rights and entitlements under social protection schemes.