Abstract

Seismic imaging plays a pivotal role in the oil and gas industry by providing critical insights into subsurface structures, stratigraphy, and potential hydrocarbon accumulations. With increasing exploration complexity, advancements in seismic imaging methods—ranging from conventional reflection techniques to full waveform inversion and 3D/4D imaging—have revolutionized the way geoscientists interpret geological environments. This review examines the latest developments in seismic imaging, including migration algorithms, anisotropic corrections, and the integration of machine learning, to assess their impact on exploration efficiency and decision-making. The paper discusses the challenges of imaging in complex geological settings, highlights the role of real-time and high-resolution data acquisition, and presents case studies demonstrating how advanced imaging techniques lead to improved prospect evaluation and risk mitigation. Ultimately, the review underscores the necessity for continuous technological innovation to drive exploration success, reduce uncertainty, and optimize resource development in a rapidly evolving energy landscape.