Abstract

The rapid expansion of offshore wind energy has intensified the demand for large-scale marine infrastructure projects in regions historically affected by warfare and military activities. One of the most critical challenges in such environments is the presence of unexploded ordnance (UXO), which poses significant risks to safety, environmental sustainability, and project economics. UXO items, including bombs, mines, and shells, remain hazardous decades after deposition, with the potential to detonate during seabed disturbance caused by piling, trenching, or cable-laying operations. These risks necessitate a systematic and proactive approach to site investigation, with underwater surveys emerging as the cornerstone of UXO risk mitigation strategies in windfarm development. Underwater surveys, employing advanced geophysical tools such as side-scan sonar, magnetometers, and sub-bottom profilers, enable the detection, characterization, and mapping of potential UXO hazards. The integration of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and geographic information systems (GIS) further enhances the accuracy and reliability of survey outcomes. By identifying anomalies and informing clearance operations, such surveys not only protect human lives but also reduce costly delays, ensure compliance with regulatory frameworks, and safeguard marine ecosystems from unintended ordnance disturbance. Beyond immediate risk reduction, early and comprehensive UXO survey programs contribute to stakeholder confidence, financial predictability, and streamlined project execution. The adoption of standardized methodologies and regulatory guidance across jurisdictions reinforces their role in responsible and sustainable offshore development. Looking forward, the incorporation of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and autonomous systems promises to further optimize UXO detection and risk assessment processes. Ultimately, mitigating UXO risks through robust underwater surveys is indispensable for ensuring safe, efficient, and environmentally responsible windfarm development, thereby supporting the global transition to renewable energy while addressing legacy hazards from past conflicts.