Abstract

Climate change poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity, food security, and rural livelihoods, particularly in developing regions that rely heavily on rain-fed agriculture. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a holistic approach designed to enhance productivity, build resilience to climate shocks, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This review investigates the contribution of CSA practices—such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, improved irrigation efficiency, integrated soil fertility management, and climate-resilient crop varieties—to household food security and income stability. Through a synthesis of empirical studies and case analyses across diverse agroecological zones, the paper explores how these practices increase crop yields, diversify income sources, and reduce vulnerability to climate variability. Additionally, the review examines the socio-economic enablers and institutional barriers influencing CSA adoption, including access to credit, extension services, and policy incentives. The findings reveal that while CSA contributes significantly to sustainable livelihoods and environmental conservation, its success depends on localized adaptation, stakeholder collaboration, and long-term investment in capacity-building. The paper concludes by identifying key research gaps and recommending integrated policy frameworks that link agricultural innovation with social protection programs to enhance food security and economic resilience among smallholder farmers.