International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation  |  ISSN (Online): 2582-7138  |  Double-Blind Peer Review  |  Open Access  |  CC BY 4.0

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     2026:7/3

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation

ISSN (Online): 2582-7138 | Open Access

Immunomodulators in Health and Disease: Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Pathways, and Clinical Translation

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Volume: 7 | Issue: 1 | Pages: 759-769

Subject: Medical

Country: Iraq

License: CC BY 4.0

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Abstract

The immune system operates through tightly regulated activation and restraint to protect the host while limiting collateral tissue injury. When immune regulation becomes maladaptive, it contributes to diverse diseases spanning autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, cancer, infection, and transplantation. Immunomodulators have therefore become central therapeutic tools that tune immune pathways and cellular circuits to achieve disease-appropriate immune control. This review provides an updated, mechanism-to-clinic synthesis of immunomodulatory strategies, integrating cytokine-targeted biologics, small-molecule kinase inhibitors, checkpoint modulation, tolerance-oriented approaches, cell-based therapies, and emerging platforms including mRNA/nanomedicine and microbiome-targeted interventions. Beyond description, we critically evaluate key limitations—heterogeneous response, pathway redundancy, immunogenicity, and safety trade-offs—and highlight how biomarker-guided stratification and systems-level immune profiling can improve therapeutic matching. Finally, we discuss future directions toward antigen-specific, temporally controllable, and risk-adaptive immunomodulation.

How to Cite This Article

Kais Khudhair Al-hadrawi, Hanan Khaled Aldhalmi (2026). Immunomodulators in Health and Disease: Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Pathways, and Clinical Translation . International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation (IJMRGE), 7(1), 759-769.

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Publication Information

Journal: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation (IJMRGE)

Publisher: Anfo Publication House

ISSN: 2582-7138 (Online)

Frequency: Bimonthly

Language: English

Open Access: Yes - This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

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