Abstract

Liquidity risk remains one of the most critical determinants of financial stability within global banking and financial systems, particularly following the systemic disruptions observed during the 2008 global financial crisis and subsequent market shocks. This review paper examines the evolution, frameworks, and effectiveness of liquidity risk management and stress testing practices adopted by global financial institutions. The study synthesizes regulatory developments, including Basel III liquidity standards, internal liquidity adequacy assessment processes, and institution-specific contingency funding strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodological approaches used in liquidity stress testing, such as scenario analysis, cash-flow projection modeling, and behavioral assumptions under stressed market conditions. The review further evaluates the integration of quantitative analytics, governance structures, and risk monitoring technologies that support real-time liquidity surveillance and decision-making. Comparative insights are drawn across advanced and emerging financial markets to identify implementation gaps, data limitations, and model risks affecting stress testing reliability. The paper also explores the growing role of digital risk infrastructure, data analytics, and supervisory expectations in strengthening liquidity resilience. By consolidating academic research, regulatory guidance, and industry practices, this study provides a structured understanding of current liquidity risk management paradigms while highlighting emerging challenges related to market volatility, interconnected financial systems, and climate-related financial risks. The review contributes practical and theoretical insights for improving liquidity preparedness and institutional resilience in increasingly uncertain global financial environments.