Public health emergencies expose structural vulnerabilities in pharmaceutical supply chains, revealing weaknesses in sourcing, manufacturing, distribution, inventory visibility, and coordination mechanisms. Disruptions triggered by pandemics, natural disasters, geopolitical instability, and sudden demand surges compromise the availability of essential medicines and medical supplies, with profound consequences for health systems. While supply chain resilience has been widely studied in manufacturing and logistics, the pharmaceutical sector presents unique characteristics, including regulatory constraints, cold-chain dependencies, quality assurance requirements, and high demand uncertainty. This paper synthesizes literature to examine resilience in pharmaceutical supply chains during public health emergencies and proposes a data-driven conceptual framework for enhancing preparedness, adaptability, and recovery. The framework integrates risk identification, visibility enhancement, predictive analytics, inventory optimization, supplier diversification, network redundancy, and governance coordination. By drawing on research in supply chain risk management, health logistics, data analytics, and emergency response systems, the study advances understanding of how data-driven approaches can strengthen pharmaceutical supply chain resilience. The paper contributes to theory by bridging resilience engineering and healthcare supply chain management, and to practice by offering structured guidance for policymakers, regulators, and supply chain managers.